Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research
The Effect of an Educational Program Using Assistive Devices According to Some Biomechanical Variables on Developing the Spike Skill Performance of Young Volleyball Players
The spike skill is characterized as a complex skill that requires a high degree of integration between physical abilities (such as explosive power and neuromuscular coordination) and biomechanical variables (such as approach speed, takeoff angle, height of center of gravity, hitting arm speed, and angle of impact). Any disruption to these variables directly affects the efficiency, accuracy, and power of performance .Biomechanical analysis has become an essential tool for understanding and evaluating motor performance. It allows for the identification of strengths and weaknesses in skill performance by measuring the kinematic and mechanical variables associated with the skill. Furthermore, linking the results of biomechanical analysis with educational programs is a modern trend that contributes to raising the level of sports learning and training. Hence, the importance of designing modern educational programs based on biomechanical analysis and employing assistive devices scientifically, with the aim of improving the technical performance of the spike skill. Therefore, the research problem is defined by the following main question: Does an educational program using assistive devices based on certain biomechanical variables contribute to developing the performance of the spike skill in young volleyball players? The research sample consisted of 18 young players from Al-Hashemiya Sports Club for the 2024/2025 season. The researchers concluded that the training program using assistive devices based on biomechanical principles led to a clear and significant improvement in all biomechanical variables. Furthermore, the integration of these biomechanical variables resulted in an overall improvement in the performance of the spike skill.
Training program, assistive devices, biomechanical variables, spike skill, volleyball.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research
The Effectiveness of Motivational Games in Learning Some Basic Football Skills for Students
The aim of the study was to identify the effectiveness of motivational games in learning some basic football skills among students, specifically passing, dribbling, and shooting. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) due to its suitability for the nature and objectives of the study. The sample consisted of 60 students, randomly divided into two groups of 30 students each. The experimental group underwent an educational program based on motivational games, while the control group was taught using the conventional instructional method. The experiment continued for a specified period within the scheduled educational units. Skill-based football tests were used to measure performance levels in passing, dribbling, and shooting, with both pre-tests and post-tests conducted for the two groups. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests for both groups. The findings also indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-test across all the skills under study, demonstrating the effectiveness of motivational games in developing basic football skills among students. The researcher concluded that incorporating motivational games into football lessons is an effective teaching method that contributes to improving skill performance and increasing students’ motivation toward learning and active participation. The study recommended the integration of motivational games into physical education curricula and suggested conducting similar studies on other skills and different sports.
Motivational activities, basic skills, football.
The Effectiveness of Structured Plyometric Training in Developing Explosive Power and Improving Performance Level in Long Jump Athletes
This paper examines the effectiveness of regulated plyometric training in developing explosive power and improving long-jump performance. A two-group experimental design is presented, with 10 athletes in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The proposed program lasts 8 weeks, with two weekly sessions designed around the biomechanical demands of the approach and take-off phases. Outcome measures include standing vertical jump, standing long jump, 30-m sprint, and official long-jump performance. In the present model, the experimental group showed literature-grounded improvements in vertical jump (10.16%), standing long jump (5.61%), 30-m sprint time (3.48%), and competitive long-jump distance (5.33%). Post-test comparisons also favored the experimental group. The findings support the practical value of well-regulated plyometric loading for enhancing the stretch–shortening cycle, rate of force development, and take-off quality in long-jump athletes. The numerical tables in this version are clearly identified as realistic simulated data derived from published ranges and are intended only to complete the research model and document formatting; they must be replaced with actual field data before any formal academic submission Furthermore, the observed improvements can be interpreted in light of the neuromuscular adaptations associated with plyometric training, particularly the enhancement of motor unit recruitment, synchronization, and firing frequency, all of which contribute to a more efficient production of force in a very short time interval. These adaptations are highly relevant to the long jump event, where the transition from horizontal velocity during the approach phase to vertical impulse at take-off requires precise coordination and maximal utilization of elastic energy stored within the muscle–tendon complex. The structured nature of the training program, including controlled volume, intensity, and recovery intervals, appears to have played a critical role in optimizing these adaptations while minimizing fatigue and injury risk. In addition, the integration of plyometric exercises that closely simulate the technical phases of the long jump such as bounding, single-leg hops, and depth jumps—likely contributed to the transfer of training effects into actual performance. This principle of specificity is essential in athletics training, as improvements in isolated physical capacities do not always translate into enhanced competitive outcomes unless they are aligned with the movement patterns and mechanical demands of the event. The superior performance of the experimental group in post-testing supports this notion and highlights the importance of designing sport-specific conditioning programs.
Plyometric training, explosive power, long jump, performance level, athletics, sport training.
The Effect of Plyometric Training on Improving the Performance Level of Young Long Jump Athletes
The long jump is one of the athletic events that requires the athlete to be fast and possess explosive power during takeoff in order to achieve maximum flight distance. Therefore, the researcher decided to investigate the use of plyometric training. Plyometrics is a type of exercise that focuses on improving strength, speed, and jumping ability by stimulating muscles to contract quickly and forcefully. These exercises enhance neuromuscular coordination and include movements such as jumping, sprinting, depth jumps, and repeated hops. The importance of this research lies in addressing the problems faced by athletes and finding appropriate solutions. Based on the researcher’s coaching and academic experience, and through monitoring local long jump competitions in Iraq, it was observed that performance results have not improved over time as expected. A comparison of the average results of gold medal winners in the youth category from 2019 to 2024 showed no significant progress. This indicates the presence of a problem hindering development, which prompted the researcher to investigate and propose suitable solutions. The study aimed to achieve an increase in jumping distance through the use of plyometric training and to identify the extent of improvement resulting from such training. The researcher employed an experimental method using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research population consisted of youth long jump athletes from clubs in Babylon Governorate during the 2024 season (9 athletes), of whom 8 were selected as the research sample. The physical abilities identified included explosive power, speed-strength, and maximum speed. Appropriate tests were selected, including the vertical jump (Sargent test), standing long jump, and a 30-meter sprint test. The main experiment began after conducting the pre-tests and recording the data. The training program consisted of two sessions per week for eight weeks and included box jumps, hurdle jumps, depth jumps, and repeated bounding exercises. After completing the training period, post-tests were conducted, and the data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed positive improvements across all tests, indicating that plyometric training has a significant positive effect on increasing long jump performance. The researcher recommends incorporating plyometric exercises to develop the specific abilities required for the long jump due to their clear and measurable impact, as demonstrated by the study results. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct similar studies on other athletic events with appropriate modifications based on specific objectives.
Long Jump, Plyometric Training, Babylon Governorate.
Evaluation of the information processing strategy according to brain dominance among college students, Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon
The importance of the research lies in building standard levels for students' strategies for processing information according to brain dominance. The research problem, through the researcher’s observation that he is a graduate of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and went through the transition from the preparatory stage to the university stage, is that there are difficulties facing students in accepting the curriculum in terms of its content (theoretical and practical). The research objectives are to classify the sample according to brain dominance (right-handed, left-handed, integrated) and to build standard levels to evaluate the information processing strategy according to brain dominance for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Males/University of Babylon. Research procedures: The researcher used the descriptive approach in the survey method and correlational and normative studies for their suitability and the nature of the problem. The research community was determined from students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the first stage / University of Babylon, for the academic year 2024-2025, who numbered 115 male and female students, and they were divided into four sections (A-B-C-E), with different numbers in each division and according to the organisation followed in the college. The girls’ division was excluded from this research due to the difference in thinking and dominance between the two hemispheres of the brain, which is a physiological concept that explains the difference between males and females. Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between the information processing strategy variable and students' brain dominance. Recommendations: The researcher recommends paying attention to the curricula that are compatible with the brain sovereignty of students, and according to the transitional stage.
Information, processing strategy, brain dominance.
The Effect of Manufactured Headguard Exercises on Developing Trunk Speed in the Evasiveness Skill for Young Boxers
This research investigates the impact of exercises implemented using a custom-manufactured headguard on developing trunk speed and evasiveness skills among young boxers. Evasiveness is considered a fundamental defensive technique that requires exceptional speed and precise trunk control. The importance of this study stems from the necessity of utilising innovative and effective training methods to enhance the technical and physical capabilities of athletes, particularly in boxing, a sport demanding superior readiness to confront opponents across multiple rounds of bouts. The researcher applied an experimental approach with two equivalent groups (experimental and control), comprising a sample of eight young boxers aged 17–18 years. Targeted tests were used to assess trunk speed, motor accuracy, and performance endurance. A customised device was developed, consisting of a headguard linked to an elastic band and a weight (load). It was designed to strengthen the trunk muscles through alternating resistance movements that simulate defensive and offensive manoeuvres. Post-test outcomes revealed a clear superiority of the experimental group across all variables, confirming the efficacy of the exercises used in skill development. Notably, gains in performance endurance directly led to an improvement in motor accuracy, which is a vital element for landing accurate and impactful punches during a bout. The research concluded that assistive devices and contemporary training methods significantly contribute to raising the skill efficiency of young boxers. The researcher advocates integrating these exercises into the training routine, emphasising the importance of linking physical endurance with accuracy during the execution of defensive and offensive movements, to ensure the achievement of optimal competitive results.
Manufactured headguard exercises, trunk speed development, evasiveness skill, young boxers, performance endurance, motor accuracy, experimental training.
The Impact of Learning Units Based on the Driver Model on Developing Response Speed and Learning the Dribbling and Shooting Skills in Futsal for Female Students
Based on her experience as a futsal instructor and her observation of most practical lesson units at the college, the researcher noted that some instructors rely on traditional strategies and methods when teaching various futsal skills. The lack of modern and effective teaching models that keep pace with scientific and technological advancements hinders the significant improvement of students' skill performance in this sport. This necessitates the search for alternative, modern teaching models, methods, and approaches that empower students and encourage their positive self-effort in addressing and resolving challenges. Ultimately, this leads to an improvement in students' dribbling and shooting skills in futsal, representing a crucial step in their learning process. The research aims to: Develop learning units based on the Driver model to enhance response speed and improve the learning of dribbling and shooting skills in futsal for female students. To determine the impact of learning units based on the Driver model on developing response speed and learning the dribbling and shooting skills in futsal for female students. The conclusions were: Learning units based on the Driver model contributed to developing response speed and learning the dribbling and shooting skills in futsal for female students. Learning through the Driver model exercises effectively captured the students' attention and increased their motivation and engagement with learning. The Driver model made the students the central focus of the learning process, leading to positive interaction and participation throughout the learning unit.
Driver model, response speed, dribbling and shooting skills in futsal.
Safaa Ali Abdul-Kadhim Abbas Al-Husseini
The Effect of Dual-Task Exercises on Developing Explosive Power of the Legs, Dynamic Balance, and the Level of Composite Attack Performance among Foil Fencing Players
This research aims to identify the effect of dual-task exercises on developing the explosive power of the legs, dynamic balance, and the level of composite attack performance among foil fencing players. The researchers employed an experimental method using a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The experiment was conducted on a sample of third-year students practising fencing at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon, totalling 12 participants. The main research sample consisted of (6) participants for each group. The researchers also conducted a pilot study on (4) participants from the same research population. The researchers used questionnaires and observation, in addition to Arabic and foreign references. The most important results indicated that: Dual-task exercises have a clear and significant effect on developing the explosive power of the legs and dynamic balance. Statistical results showed that dual-task exercises have a clear and significant effect on improving the level of composite attack performance among students practising fencing.
Dual Tasks, Composite Attack, Foil Fencing.
The Effect of an Educational Program Using the Inclusion Style and Self-Assessment on Learning the Skills of Dribbling and Chest Passing in Basketball for Female Students
Despite the qualitative diversity in modern teaching methods aimed at achieving educational objectives, findings from scientific studies and research have consistently emphasized the effectiveness of approaches that grant the student a central role in decision-making related to exercise execution, mechanisms of self-assessment, and the perception of qualitative motor performance (Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2008). Through field observation and the researcher’s direct participation in the educational process within the college, it has become evident that the acquisition of motor skills—particularly basketball skills—still relies heavily on the conventional approach known as the “Command Style.” This approach is characterized by the teacher’s dominance in decision-making, while the student’s role is limited to the mechanical execution of given instructions and directives. In light of recent developments in educational practices and the emergence of modern trends emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative teaching methods, the researcher recognized the need to rely on well-established scientific references in the field of learning based on diverse teaching styles. These studies have highlighted the necessity of implementing modern instructional approaches within colleges of physical education, especially those that have not been sufficiently utilized in the past, such as the “Inclusion Style” and the “Self-Check Style.” Accordingly, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of these methods with the “Command Style” in developing a set of basketball skills. Research Objectives: To evaluate the effect of employing modern teaching methods (Inclusion Style and Self-Check Style) on the acquisition of chest passing and dribbling skills in basketball among female students. To conduct a comparative analytical evaluation to determine the most effective and efficient teaching method for developing chest passing and dribbling skills in basketball.
The Effect of the K.W.L. Plus Strategy on Cognitive Achievement and Learning Some Basic Skills with the Ribbon Snake for Female Students in Rhythmic Gymnastics
The sports field is one of the fields that focuses on modern strategies that connect what the student learns to their daily life, i.e., the transition from traditional education to positive, creative education. Among these strategies is the K.W.L. Plus strategy, which is considered a metacognitive strategy that guides learners, according to sequential steps and specific stages, to good interaction with topics in order to reach levels of understanding. The research aims to build a cognitive achievement test and identify the effect of the K.W.L. Plus strategy on cognitive achievement, and to identify the effect of the K.W.L. Plus strategy on learning some basic skills with the snake ribbon for female students in rhythmic gymnastics. The researcher assumed that there is a positive effect of the W.L. Plus strategy on the cognitive achievement of students in rhythmic gymnastics and that there is a positive effect of the Plus strategy on learning some basic skills with the snake ribbon tool for students in rhythmic gymnastics. The original research population consisted of (104) female students, with (40) students from the University of Babylon and (11) students from Al-Qasim Green University for the academic year (2024-2025). From this population, a construct sample of (45) female students was selected: (40) from the University of Babylon and (5) from Al-Qasim Green University. (40) female students were then selected as the main experimental sample from a total of (53) female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. (20) students formed the control group and (20) the experimental group for the academic year 2025-2026. The selection was done using simple random sampling. After obtaining the results, they were statistically processed, then presented in tables, analyzed, and discussed. In light of the discussion of the results, the study reached conclusions, and based on these conclusions, the following recommendations were made. The most prominent conclusions were: 1-The K.W.L. Plus strategy proved effective in developing the cognitive achievement of the experimental group students. 2-The program prepared according to the Plus strategy contributed to raising the level of skill performance in the skills studied. The most prominent recommendations were: 1-Directing physical education teachers not to limit themselves to traditional strategies and the necessity of teaching rhythmic gymnastics according to new strategies. 2-The necessity of focusing on theoretical concepts and linking them to the practical aspect during the implementation of the physical education lesson.
Strategy, Cognitive achievement, rhythmic gymnastics.
Morphometry of the Lower Zab River basin in the Dibis area, north of Kirkuk Governorate
This hydrological study addressed the interactions of water with the environment under the pressure of climate change and human activities, located between latitudes 35°30'0" N and 35°40'0" N north, and longitudes 43°57'30" E and 44°12'30" E east, as a geographical part of northern Iraq, with an area of ​​(1173.5) km2. The number of valleys in the study area reached 857 valleys, corresponding to the combined lengths of these valleys 1312.3 km, while the length of the main course of the Lower Zab River in the study area only reached 6.6 km. The study aims to understand the hydrological mechanisms, develop predictive models of risks, and achieve sustainable management of water resources.
The Role of Information Technology in Enhancing Financial Sustainability: An Applied Study in Iraqi Commercial Banks.
The present research was conducted to examine the role that information technology plays in enhancing financial sustainability among the commercial banks in the Tikrit governorate of Iraq. The type of quantitative descriptive approach was used, and it depended on cross-sectional data gathered through the use of the structured survey. The study analyzed primary data. The method of sampling that was used was a simple random sampling method, and the employees were sampled using an online questionnaire which resulted in a total response of 421 people who were all considered as having been sampled and as valid to further analysis. The statistical package of the social sciences version 26 was used to manage the data analysis. The implication of the findings of this study was that the commercial banks sampled in this study have moderate to high degrees of implemented information technology. Besides, there is moderate financial sustainability in these institutions. The results obtained after the multiple linear regression analysis showed that information technology and its dimensions had a significant effect on enhancing financial sustainability among the commercial banks in Tikrit governorate in Iraq. The correlation coefficient (R) of the regression model was found to be 0.767 with the R2 found to be 0.584 indicating that the independent variable and its components explained 58.4 percent of the variance in the dependent variable indicating the strong explanatory ability of the model. Moreover, the entire information technology variable was relevant in enhancing financial sustainability with the communication networks dimension recording the greatest impact of 0.280, implying a positive effect. This means that the availability of communication networks increases by 28 percent in financial sustainability among the surveyed commercial banks and a unit increment. With the results of the study, one of the recommendations was on the possible next research to explore other variables that may be included in the research framework, which may mediate or moderate the relationship. This would help foster a more extensive and thorough understanding of how to better integrate information technology with other organizational factors to achieve favorable outcomes in financial sustainability.
Analyzing Impact of Modern Project Management Techniques on Completing Projects Within Specified Timeframe (An Empirical Study on Bagdad City)
My research paper borrows from different theories regarding knowledge, attitudes, skills, and tools for the purpose of project management (PSM) and whether these impact project performance (PP), customer satisfaction (CS), and the projects being successful (PS) in engineering projects which concentrate on Baghdad, Iraq. Data were collected through pilot survey of 148 engineers who were engaged in projects Baghdad using the SEM methods resulted in realization of deep interconnection among these factors. The outcome suggests that there is positive relationship between PSM and PP; PSM is considered to have positive effects on CS but negative impacts on PS. Additionally, MCoM and PTM showed significant factors of PP; on the other hand, PCM and PRM were found to influence PS. Nevertheless, we found that many NCs exist; however, the finding suggests the complexity of these parameters’ interplay and thus provide practical implications.
Analysis of fiscal policy strategies for achieving economic stability in Iraq (2008-2024)
This dissertation aims to present an exhaustive analysis of various fiscal policies adopted by the Iraqi government to attain macroeconomic stability in Iraq during the period 2008-2024, which was marked by unprecedented turmoil. This research aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of various fiscal policies adopted by the government using both theoretical underpinnings and rigorous econometric techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of various fiscal policies adopted by the government to attain macroeconomic stability in Iraq, considering various exogenous shocks faced by the country during this period. This research aims to employ an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, bounds testing cointegration, along with Vector Error Correction model analysis. The empirical analysis focuses on an important period of time, including the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the oil price drop of 2014-2016, the ISIS conflict of 2014-2017, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021. The analysis utilizes exhaustive annual data, including data from the Central Bank of Iraq, Ministry of Finance, and World Bank databases. The analysis shows that the effectiveness of different fiscal policies in Iraq has been limited by institutional factors.
The Effect of an AI-Based Rehabilitation Program on Improving Shoulder Functional Performance in Swimmers with Rotator Cuff Tears
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of a rehabilitation program based on artificial intelligence technologies in improving the functional efficiency of the shoulder joint in swimming practitioners with rotator cuff rupture. The study adopted an experimental approach on two groups: experimental and subject to intelligent intervention, and a female officer who received a traditional program, and the tribal and dimensional measurements of muscle strength and motor flexibility were carried out. The results showed a significant and significant improvement in the experimental group, muscle strength increased from 18.5 ± 2.1 cm to 25.3 ± 1.8 cm, and flexibility increased from 115.3 ± 8.2 cm to 133.7 ± 7.5 cm after application, while the control group showed no statistically significant differences. This improvement reflects the ability of the intelligent program to adjust training loads according to individual response, enhance neuromuscular control, and improve the range of functional movement of the shoulder. The results indicate that the combination of intelligent rehabilitation exercises and real-time performance analysis provides an advanced and safe model for improving shoulder functional efficiency and reducing the risk of recurrent injuries, enabling a gradual and safe return to sports activities.
Rehabilitation program, artificial intelligence, functional competence, shoulder, rotator cuff tear, swimming.
Effect of the Syntax Surgery strategy on the Achievement of Secondary School Students
The research aims to identify the effect of the Syntax Surgery strategy on secondary school students' achievement in English grammar. The researcher used a two-group experimental design: the experimental group, which was studied according to the Syntax Surgery strategy, and the control group, which was studied according to the usual method. The achievement test is used as a research tool. The experiment was implemented in Somaya Secondary School for Girls in the first course of the academic year 2019-2020. After completing the application, the researcher administered the research tool and observed that the experimental group that studied according to the Syntax Surgery strategy showed superior performance compared to the control group that studied according to the traditional method. The study recommended the necessity of deception, depending on the strategy used with the experimental group. It also suggested generalizing the Syntax Surgery strategy to other subjects, such as Arabic and other stages of the intermediate stage.
A comparative study of aggressive behavior among students of some group games in Diyala Governorate
The objectives of the research are to compare aggressive behavior among football practitioners (football, basketball, and volleyball), and to identify the differences in aggressive behavior between football, basketball, and volleyball players. The researcher used the descriptive approach in his survey style toachieve the goals and hypothesis of his research and to suit the nature of the research. The research community is represented by students from school teams. In the district of Baqubah, football, volleyball, and basketball games for the academic year 2024/2025. As for the research sample, it was chosen intentionally, which represents the research community itself, numbering 12 students regarding the volleyball team, representing a percentage of (100%) from the community. Volleyball research and (16) football students representing a percentage of (100%) from the football research community, and (12) research community, noting that they were excluded. One student from each team with the aim of conducting a reconnaissance experiment on them. In conclusion, the researcher concluded that there was a difference in aggressive behavior between students in football, basketball, and volleyball. The game of football ranked first in aggressive behavior as a result of physical contact between students, speed of movement for scoring, and psychological tension. Basketball ranked second in aggressive behavior with a lower value than football, and volleyball ranked third in aggressive behavior with a lower value than football and basketball games. The researcher recommended the necessity of giving coaches the psychological aspect great importance in their training units because of its extremely important impact, and the necessity of the coach adopting the principle Guidance, guidance, kindness and tenderness when dealing with students, and the necessity of including coaches in development courses on a regular basis to find out the latest developments in the field of training science, and conducting similar studies on other sports and sports in other societies and for different age groups and genders.
Aggressive behavior, students, group games
The Effect of Special Exercises Using Assistive Devices on Developing the Speed-Strength of the Arm Muscles and the Accuracy of the Overhand Serve in Volleyball
The present study aimed to identify the effect of special exercises using assistive devices on the development of speed-strength of the arm muscles and the accuracy of the overhand serve in volleyball. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-and post-tests in the research variables. An experimental approach was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem. The research population was selected intentionally and consisted of the volleyball team of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, comprising 12 players, representing 100% of the population for the academic year (2025-2026). The findings revealed that training with assistive devices had a positive effect on improving the speed-strength of the arm muscles and the accuracy of the overhand serve in volleyball. The researchers recommend the implementation of special exercises using assistive devices to develop arm muscles, speed, strength, and enhance serve accuracy. They also suggest conducting similar studies on different samples and age groups in volleyball.
Volleyball, Special Exercises, Serving Accuracy, Speed-Strength.
Scouting Activities and Their Role in Developing Selected Physical Abilities among Rover Scouts in Public and Private Universities
This research aims to identify scouting activities and their role in developing certain physical abilities in public and private universities from the perspective of the scouts. The researcher used the descriptive survey method, which relies on studying the reality or phenomenon as it exists in practice. It focuses on accurately describing it and expressing it qualitatively or quantitatively on a sample of 80 students in public and private universities in the Middle Euphrates region. The research also addressed how to develop the physical abilities of scouts. The importance of the research lies in determining the extent to which scouting activities affect the development of scouts' physical abilities. The researcher concluded 1- Scouting activities have an impact on developing certain physical abilities in scouts 2-There are statistically significant differences in the level of impact of scouting activities on certain physical abilities between the pre-test and post-test for the research sample, favoring the post-test. The researcher also recommends the following 1- Incorporating and diversifying scouting activities into official university activity programs, given their effective role in developing speed, strength, agility, and balance among scouts 2- Encouraging students to participate in scouting camps and events, as these have a significant impact on developing physical and motor skills and social interaction.
Scouting Activities, Physical Fitness Components, University Student Activities.
The Effect of Random Excitement Strategy on Learning the Skill of Serving in Volleyball for Female Students
The Random Stimulation Strategy is an instructional strategy that encourages learners to engage in continuous thinking. Through this thinking process, learners attempt to establish connections between two or more images. At first glance, there may appear to be no relationship between these images; therefore, the learner is motivated to think deeply and search for possible links among them. Regarding the research problem, it is represented by a weakness in skill performance in general across various sports, and specifically in the underhand serve skill in volleyball among female students. The researcher attributes this weakness to the limited or lack of use of modern instructional strategies that promote active learner participation in thinking and help eliminate routine boredom during the learning process. The aim of the study was to prepare instructional units based on the Random Stimulation Strategy for learning the underhand serve skill in volleyball, as well as to identify the effect of this strategy on learning the skill. The researcher employed an experimental method using two groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests. The sample was randomly selected and consisted of 48 female students from the first intermediate grade, out of a total population of 70 students from two classes (A and B). The research tools included the skill test for the underhand serve. Pre-tests were conducted, followed by the implementation of eight instructional units using the Random Stimulation Strategy, with each lesson lasting 45 minutes. Afterwards, post-tests were administered. The results yielded important conclusions, indicating that the Random Stimulation Strategy had a positive effect on learning the underhand serve skill in volleyball. Moreover, the experimental group (which used the Random Stimulation Strategy) outperformed the control group (which followed the traditional teaching method). This confirms the achievement of one of the objectives of modern education. The researcher recommended adopting the results of this study in modern teaching practices, especially in team sports, and benefiting from the findings by applying modern methods and strategies, such as the Random Stimulation Strategy, as it has proven its effectiveness and superiority in the educational process.
Volleyball, Underhand Serve, Random Stimulation Strategy
The Effect of Varied Kinesthetic Learning Styles on Developing the Skills of Stationary and Falling Shooting in Handball Among Students
This research aims to study the effect of the variable motor learning approach on developing the skills of standing and falling shooting in handball among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – University of Babylon. The study originated from the observation of weak shooting accuracy among students under changing game conditions, which prompted the researcher to first assess performance levels before applying the program, then implement a training program based on varied practice conditions, measure its impact on skill development, and finally compare the results of the experimental group with those of the control group after application. The researcher adopted the experimental method using two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 60 students: 25 in the experimental group, 25 in the control group, and 10 in the exploratory group. The experimental group underwent a program with varied conditions, such as shooting angles, execution speed, body positions, and game situations, while the control group received traditional training based on repetitive practice. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in both skills, confirming that the variable motor learning approach is more effective than the traditional method in improving skill performance and increasing adaptability to changing situations.
Variable motor learning approach, shooting skill, standing performance, falling performance, handball.
The Effect of a Proposed Dry-Land Exercise Program on Enhancing Stroke Length, Frequency, and Competitive Performance of Breaststroke Swimmers Aged 17–18 Years
Dry-land training is a fundamental pillar in the programs of world-class swimmers, aimed not at building massive muscle bulk but at developing "Specific Strength" that simulates swimming mechanics, strengthens the core, and improves dynamic flexibility while reducing repetitive joint stress. By analyzing international championship footage and calculating stroke length and frequency, significant gaps were identified between international and local performance levels. A pilot study with coaches of youth swimmers (aged 17–18) revealed a lack of structured out-of-water strength training, with a reliance on low-resistance elastic bands, alongside a decline in "Stroke Length" during the second half of 100m races due to fatigue or inefficient "Frequency" increases. Consequently, this study was conducted to design specific dry-land exercises targeting the working muscles to balance stroke length and frequency. Using an experimental approach with two groups from Al-Hilla Club (n=16), the study aimed to identify the impact of these exercises on stroke dynamics and performance times. The results concluded that the proposed program significantly improved specific arm strength, enhancing the "Catch" and underwater pull efficiency, and increased "Stroke Length" through greater propulsion without compromising "Stroke Rate." The researcher recommends integrating these specific dry-land exercises—particularly variable resistance training—as an essential component of aquatic programs to optimize the unique technical demands of breaststroke.
Breaststroke, Dry-land Training, Stroke Length, Stroke Rate
Spectral Indicators Used in Monitoring Climate Change in Salah al-Din Governorate
Spectral indices are defined as mathematical coefficients derived from spectral values recorded in different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum by satellite sensors. They aim to highlight the physical and environmental characteristics of the Earth's surface in a digitally analyzable and comparable manner. These indices rely on the relative relationships between spectral bands, allowing for the reduction of the effects of lighting and weather conditions, and providing a more accurate representation of vegetation cover, soil moisture, surface temperature, and other environmental variables associated with climate change.
Spectral indices, Salah al-Din, Climate change
The Role of Intellectual Capital Disclosure in Enhancing Corporate Performance According to Economic Value Added (EVA): An Exploratory Study of Iraqi Companies Listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange
The study's goals were to determine the degree to which the disclosure of intellectual capital improves a company's performance in terms of added economic value. To accomplish these goals, the descriptive analytical approach was used, and the questionnaire was used as the primary tool for research. The questionnaire was given to a sample of Iraqi bank accountants and auditors throughout the year 2022, and the data was downloaded and analyzed using the SPSS program. The researcher discovered a number of noteworthy findings, including: a statistically significant correlation between the disclosure of intellectual capital and both the economic value added and the performance of businesses; a statistically significant effect of the disclosure of intellectual capital on the performance of companies; a statistically significant effect of the disclosure of intellectual capital on the economic value added; and a significant impact of the economic value added on the performance of Iraqi companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. Additionally, the research revealed that disclosing intellectual capital has no effect on the performance of businesses in Iraq listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange by mediating the economic value added..
The effect of an educational program on developing certain physical abilities and lay-up shooting performance among wheelchair basketball players
The research aimed to identify the effect of a proposed educational program on developing certain specific physical abilities and the performance of the lay-up shooting skill among wheelchair basketball players. The research problem arises from the noticeable deficiency in lay-up shooting accuracy due to the lack of a structured program that focuses on the relationship between developing specific physical abilities and the effectiveness of skill performance under the movement constraints imposed by the wheelchair. The researcher employed an experimental method using a two-group equivalent design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 20 players from the Specialized Center for People with Disabilities in Babylon and Karbala, with 10 players assigned to the experimental group (Babylon Specialized Center) and 10 players to the control group (Karbala Specialized Center). The proposed program was implemented over a period of 8 weeks, with three training units per week. The results showed a statistically significant superiority of the experimental group in the post-test compared with the control group in arm endurance strength, arm movement speed, and lay-up shooting accuracy. This superiority confirms that the proposed educational program was significantly more effective than the traditional program.
Educational program; specific physical abilities; lay-up shooting; wheelchair basketball
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research
An analytical study of the passing and shooting skills of the University of Babylon football team players in the Iraqi Universities Championship
Sports training is considered a planned, scientific, and educational process based on scientific principles and pedagogical foundations, aiming to enable the individual to reach the highest possible level in the practised sports activity. This is achieved through developing the individual’s physical abilities, motor skills, tactical capabilities, mental capacities, as well as enhancing psychological motivation and developing personal and volitional traits. Basic skills in football represent the primary foundation for achieving success in matches, as they occupy an important role in daily training units and are practised over long periods until mastery is achieved. This is because the level of mastery of basic skills for the practised activity is considered one of the essential factors upon which tactical execution in various game situations depends. Skill performance, as a requirement in football, is not limited to technical execution only; it also includes the speed and accuracy of tactical decision-making. The success of skill performance depends on the degree and level of the player’s mastery of motor skills, regardless of changing conditions. The importance of the present study lies in revealing the actual performance level of the University of Babylon football team players by identifying strengths and weaknesses through analysing the performance of passing and shooting skills. This analysis helps the team develop these two skills and maintain performance stability, avoiding fluctuations that are often considered a distinguishing feature observed by many specialists and analysts in performance analysis. The research problem emerged through monitoring the matches played by the University of Babylon football team and examining the performance of certain basic skills during matches in order to identify points of strength and weakness. Most football experts observed a weakness in passing and shooting skills among the University of Babylon football team players. The study aims to identify the actual performance level of the research sample in football regarding passing and shooting skills during the Iraqi Universities Championship, as well as to identify the relationship between passing and shooting skills for the research sample in the same championship. The study hypothesises the existence of a statistically significant correlation between the lines of the University of Babylon team in the level of passing and shooting skills in football, and a statistically significant correlation between passing and shooting skills for the research sample. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using survey and correlational methods, as they are appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of the University of Babylon football team players for the academic year 2025–2026, numbering 20 players, who also represented the research population. The researcher prepared a form to analyse the skill aspects under study and conducted a pilot study by observing and analysing a match between the University of Babylon team and the Al-Mustaqbal University team. Subsequently, the main experiment was conducted during the Iraqi Universities Football Championship by recording the matches played by the University of Babylon team and then analysing them. The researcher concluded that the performance of the research sample in passing and shooting skills showed significant weakness. The team was characterised by short- and medium-distance passing more than long-distance passing, with randomness in the ball transfer plan. The sample was characterised by shooting from outside the 18-yard area, with weakness in heading and shooting from inside and outside the 18-yard area. The researcher recommends conducting similar studies in this field on other individual and team sports and across different age groups to identify strengths and weaknesses of Iraqi teams, in order to advance the safety of sports compared to Arab and developed countries. The study also recommends developing passing and shooting skills of all types among University of Babylon team players to reduce errors, and the necessity of adopting a specific playing style for the team that aligns with the players’ capabilities.
Analytical study, passing and shooting skills, football.
The effect of creative thinking exercises on direction perception and memory (visual-motor) in handball players under the age of 12
This study aims to identify the effect of creative thinking exercises on the development of directional perception and memory in handball players under the age of twelve. The researcher used an experimental approach with a control group and an experimental group. The research sample included several players who were deliberately selected from handball players. The experimental group underwent a training program that included creative thinking exercises designed to suit their age group. Meanwhile, the control group continued with the traditional training program. Tests of direction perception and memorisation were applied before and after the implementation of the training program. Statistical methods were used to process the results, and the results showed significant differences in favour of the experimental group in the variables of perception of direction and recall. This indicates the effectiveness of creative thinking exercises in the development of cognitive and cognitive abilities of handball players. The researcher concluded that the introduction of creative thinking exercises within the training programs contributes positively to improving spatial perception and memory, which is reflected in the skill performance of young players. The research recommends the adoption of these exercises in training young age groups and conducting similar studies on other psychological and skill variables, and in various sports games, and the need to pay attention to activating the role of creative thinking exercises in improving motor skills in general, and contributes to improving mental skills in particular.
Creative thinking; direction; perception; memory (visual-motor); handball players.
The effect of special exercises according to the types of errors in motor programs on developing the performance of some forms of passing and motor behavior of students in handball
The process of completely learning and mastering skills often does not necessarily mean a complete and well-executed motor program. In the context of play, the importance of performing skills is greater than simply building a motor program. Some students learn well and possess motor programs for the game's skills, but they make mistakes in choosing the correct program or in executing it during training or matches. We observe these performance errors in the skill performance of fourth-year students, who are considered to have considerable experience in this game because they have completed four semesters within the curriculum of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon. This significantly affects the achievement of the objectives of this stage, which include playing, learning, and executing game plans. (Problems with skill performance render them unable to perform the skill correctly, leading to disruptions in tactical execution.) Consequently, this weakness in skill performance leads to students facing difficulties and problems. The study explored the diverse applications of these skills during play in open environments with unforeseen circumstances. These skills require dynamic motor skills, appropriate decision-making, and effective application in various game situations to fulfill required tasks. Therefore, the researchers opted to use specialized exercises based on correcting errors in the execution of specific passing skills. These exercises, tailored to the students' errors, enabled them to select the most suitable passing technique for each game situation, execute it flawlessly, and assess its impact on their overall motor skills. The study aimed to achieve several objectives, the most important being to determine the effect of specialized exercises, based on different types of errors in motor programs, on improving the performance of passing techniques and motor behavior of handball students. The main research hypothesis was that specific exercises have a positive effect on developing passing techniques and motor behavior. The experimental method was used, employing a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of 100 fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The sample, representing 40% of the total, was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample size was 100 students. A range of statistical methods was used, the most important of which were: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, paired samples t-test, independent samples t-test, and Levene's test. A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which was: Specific exercises based on the types of errors in motor programs have a significant positive effect on developing types of passing and motor behavior in handball.
Types of errors, motor programs; forms of passing and motor behavior, handball.
The Effect of the SQ3R Strategy on Developing the Accuracy of Serving and Receiving in Sitting Volleyball for Individuals with Special Needs
The importance of this study lies in examining the effectiveness of the SQ3R strategy, which requires active and serious participation from athletes, as a modern approach to teaching the skills of serve accuracy and serve reception in sitting volleyball. The strategy aims to provide players with instructional methods that are compatible with their abilities and help them retain information for the longest possible period. The research problem emerged from the observation of the limited use of modern instructional strategies with athletes with special needs, as well as the need to introduce diverse methods that add excitement and motivation to their training programs and encourage their active participation in both sports and community activities. Accordingly, the study aimed to identify the effect of the SQ3R strategy on developing the accuracy of serving and receiving in sitting volleyball. The researcher adopted an experimental method using two groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The results, after analysis and discussion, revealed a positive effect of the SQ3R strategy in developing the research variables in favour of the experimental group.
SQ3R Strategy; Accuracy; Serving and Receiving; Sitting Volleyball; Special Needs.
The Relationship Between Selected Anthropometric Measurements and the Accuracy of Overhead Strokes among Players of the Specialized Center at Al-Mahawil Badminton Club
The research problem lies in the important and fundamental role played by the anthropometric measurements of players in achieving good results, as studying the relationship between these two important variables—namely, anthropometric measurements and their relation to skill performance (skill)—provides positive indicators regarding the accuracy and proficiency of performance, clarifies areas of strength and weakness, and assesses the suitability of these measurements and their relationship to the achievement of that skill. This study aims to identify some anthropometric measurements of the players at the Specialised Centre of Al-Mahawil Club in badminton and to understand the nature of the relationship between certain anthropometric measurements and the accuracy of overhead shots among the players at the Specialised Centre of Al-Mahawil Club in badminton. The researcher assumes the existence of a significant correlation between certain anthropometric measurements and the accuracy of overhead smashes among players at the specialised centre of Al-Mahawil Club in badminton. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical method and correlation studies due to their suitability and the nature of the research problem. The sample consisted of 12 players from the specialised badminton centre at the training facility in Babylon, representing the entire research population. The researcher conducted a pilot study on five members of the research sample, aiming to identify potential obstacles that might arise during the research procedures. Additionally, before conducting the field experiment, the researcher ensured the efficiency and validity of the equipment used, as well as trained the team on the nature of the application and the control of the testing procedures related to the video recording device. After reviewing the preliminary results obtained from the pilot experiment. The researcher conducted the main experiment inside a closed hall in the Al-Mahawil area, after completing all the anthropometric measurements related to the research topic. The sample individuals were subjected to these measurements before proceeding to perform the technical test of the front drop shot. The researcher concluded that there is a correlation between the anthropometric measurements and the accuracy of the drop shot among the research sample individuals. It was shown that the most influential measurements on accuracy are arm length and total height among the sample individuals. Additionally, a correlation was found between the anthropometric measurements and the accuracy of the smash shot for the sample individuals, with arm length, total height, and mass being the most influential measurements on accuracy. The researcher recommends selecting players according to the physical measurements required by the activity (mass, total height, leg length) due to their effective role in achieving the technical conditions and skill requirements in badminton.