The effect of special exercises according to the types of errors in motor programs on developing the performance of some forms of passing and motor behavior of students in handball

Abstract

The process of completely learning and mastering skills often does not necessarily mean a complete and well-executed motor program. In the context of play, the importance of performing skills is greater than simply building a motor program. Some students learn well and possess motor programs for the game's skills, but they make mistakes in choosing the correct program or in executing it during training or matches. We observe these performance errors in the skill performance of fourth-year students, who are considered to have considerable experience in this game because they have completed four semesters within the curriculum of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon. This significantly affects the achievement of the objectives of this stage, which include playing, learning, and executing game plans. (Problems with skill performance render them unable to perform the skill correctly, leading to disruptions in tactical execution.) Consequently, this weakness in skill performance leads to students facing difficulties and problems. The study explored the diverse applications of these skills during play in open environments with unforeseen circumstances. These skills require dynamic motor skills, appropriate decision-making, and effective application in various game situations to fulfill required tasks. Therefore, the researchers opted to use specialized exercises based on correcting errors in the execution of specific passing skills. These exercises, tailored to the students' errors, enabled them to select the most suitable passing technique for each game situation, execute it flawlessly, and assess its impact on their overall motor skills. The study aimed to achieve several objectives, the most important being to determine the effect of specialized exercises, based on different types of errors in motor programs, on improving the performance of  passing techniques and motor behavior of handball students. The main research hypothesis was that specific exercises have a positive effect on developing passing techniques and motor behavior. The experimental method was used, employing a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of 100 fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The sample, representing 40% of the total, was divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample size was 100 students. A range of statistical methods was used, the most important of which were: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, paired samples t-test, independent samples t-test, and Levene's test. A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which was: Specific exercises based on the types of errors in motor programs have a significant positive effect on developing types of passing and motor behavior in handball.